Septic Shock Essay Example

Septic Shock Essay Example Septic Shock Paper Septic Shock Paper In this essay septic shock and Its complications will be analyzed wealth the Immunological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory and renal (Including the acid-base) systems. This essay will contain the general discussion of homeostasis and will study the homeostasis responses to septic shock In each system. Sepsis and Septic Shock sepsis may be defined as the state In which a person Is suffering from an Infection that causes a number of important physiological changes: namely high fever and pulse, elevated respiratory rate, and elevated white blood cell count. Sepsis occurs when the body mounts a massive immune response to an infection. Usually the infection is caused by a bacteria that emits a toxin which causes the immune response. The problem is that the same chemicals that the body uses to fight the toxin also cause negative effects on the circulatory system, eventually leading to lowering of blood pressure and hypertension of the vital organs. This is illustrated well in our example with Mrs.. Little who shows the characteristic increase in pulse and fall in blood pressure. This is causing hypertension of key organs, such as the rain and lungs, which is resulting in some of the symptoms of early septic shock such as shortness of breath and confusion. Septic shock is said to exist when the patient is unable to maintain blood pressure despite all resuscitation efforts and the hypertension is causing end organ damage. Unchecked, septic shock can cause numerous problems including multiple organ failure and respiratory failure (Health A-Z). Indeed, Mrs.. Little is in grave danger. In fact, septic shock is the most common cause of death in hospital critical care units. In the United States septic shock counts for 100,000 deaths per year (Traitor Grosbeaks). Ironically, hospital treatment itself may often be the cause of septic shock, as It is often seen In severely Ill patients with suppressed immune systems (for example cancer patients on chemotherapy) who contract an Infection while undergoing treatment. Homeostasis: The human body internal environment Is composed of cells, tissues, organs and other systems (Martini). External surroundings continuously affect the body Internal environment and the human body must use homeostasis control mechanisms to malting a stable environment. The majority of Illnesses which affect homeostasis are mild and temporary (such as a mild or moderate fever however at times, when serious changes in the body occur, the alteration of homeostasis may become Intense and prolonged and in some instances may even fail and result in death. In order to prevent tons Trot unappealing positive Ana negative Teacake systems allow ten DOD condition to be repeatedly monitored, evaluated and changed (Traitor Grosbeaks). Feedback systems include three basic components; a receptor, a control centre, and an effecter. Receptors are an important part in feedback systems because they monitor changes within controlled conditions (blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose level, etc. ). Any disruption in a controlled system (stimulus) then sends nerve impulses or chemical signals to the control centre. At the control centre the body recognizes the set values that the controlled conditions should be at and that processed information is then sent to the effecter in ways of nerve impulses, hormones or other chemical signals. The effecter then responds to the information sent from the control system and any changes that need to be made to the controlled condition occur. When information is received by the control centre it can send an output to the effecter in one of two ways. It can either oppose the change in the controlled condition which displays a negative feedback loop or it can reinforce the change which occurs in a positive feedback loop (Traitor Grosbeaks). Negative feedback systems are involved in the majority of homeostasis control loops because they stabilize and reverse a change in a controlled condition which is usually what the body wants to achieve in homeostasis (Patten). When a receptor detects a change in a controlled condition it sends an input to the control centre. In a negative feedback system the control centre will recognize the problem that has occurred and will alter the controlled condition back to its regular state. Some examples of negative feedback systems include blood pressure and body temperature. The negative feedback system will regulate blood pressure and body temperature back to its normal state that it should be within the body. However in positive feedback the outcome is the opposite. Although both feedback systems work in the same way positive feedback systems strengthen and reinforce the problem rather then oppose he change (Traitor Grosbeaks). Positive feedbacks are not as common in the body but they still play a very important role. Unlike negative feedback systems that bring the body back to its normal state, positive feedback systems send output from the control center to the effecter that will enhance the change in the body. The action of the positive feedback system will continue until it is interrupted by some mechanism outside the system. Positive feedbacks become important in situations like child birth and blood clotting. In blood clotting platelets are enforced to rapidly stick together. Although this is usually abnormal, it is important that this occurs so that blood can clot and serious bleeding is avoided. Another example of a positive feedback mechanism is child birth, where levels of the hormone extinction are increased by the brain in response to stimulation of the womans cervix by the baby. Extinction causes the smooth muscles of the uterus to contract more forcefully, further stimulating the cervix, causing more oxidation to be released, and so on until the baby is delivered In order to survive, every living organism must maintain homeostasis (Martini). To regulate changes that may occur to the body (Martini). When problems such as septic shock occur, proper homeostasis is crucial to survival. However, in septic shock bacteria and toxins can have a big impact on the human body and if homeostasis can not be maintained and the problem is not caught early enough homeostasis can become seriously altered, and death can ensue. Immune System: Malignantly instantaneous requires ten correlated efforts AT many Day mechanisms and systems. One such system is the immune system, which is designed to ward off millions of disruptive pathogens that may assault our bodies such as bacteria, virus and parasites. The immune system works closely with the lymphatic system in the body fight against infection. The lymphatic system is responsible for three major primary functions; transporting dietary fluid, draining excess interstitial fluid, and carrying out immune responses (Traitor Grosbeaks, 2003). The lymphatic system is a network of lymphatic vessels transporting fluid called lymph and also contains many structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue. Lymphatic vessels transport lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A,D,E and K) to the blood that are absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract (Traitor Grosbeaks, 2003). The lymphatic vessels within this system also drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and then return it to the blood. The lymphatic capillaries are unique because they permit interstitial fluid to flow into the capillary but not out. The Interstitial fluid enters the capillaries when the pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater then in the lymph. When this occurs the cells slightly separate allowing the interstitial fluid to enter into the lymphatic capillary. However, if the pressure is high in the lymphatic capillaries the cells adhere more closely and the lymph cannot escape back into the interstitial lid. In the case where there is excess lymphatic fluid cells open more widely so that it is able to flow into the lymphatic capillary. This overload of fluid will result in tissue swelling (Traitor Grosbeaks, 2003). The third main function of the immune system is to carry out immune responses. The blood circulating in our body contains three classes of lymphocytes including T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. T cells destroy foreign cells directly and stimulate or inhibit the activities of other lymphocytes. B cells differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies that rotate us from disease by attacking foreign cells and natural killer cells attack a wide variety of infectious microbes (Martini). Just as these cells destroy foreign cells, two main phagocytes called interruption and macrophages ingest bacteria and dispose of dead matter through a process called phagocytes. Phagocytes is the process in which foreign agents are ingested and destroyed (Traitor Grosbeaks, 2003). An adequate immune system promptly recruits interruption, macrophages, lymphocytes, and antibodies to the site of infection to prevent host colonization. Through histograms these cells neutralize and eliminate microbes and their toxins. However, if these host defenses are overpowered by pathogens septic shock may follow (Cancer nursing). As the process of septic shock advances, it becomes increasingly difficult for the body to maintain homeostasis. The immune system becomes overwhelmed as it frantically attempts to prevent the spread of infection and toxin to other tissues. Moreover, the bacterial toxins hamper the body immune system response. We see in our example how Mrs.. Littlest blood work indicates an elevated white blood cell count, with increased interruption. This is indicative off significant bacterial infection and subsequent inflammatory and immune response (Traitor and Grosbeaks, 2003). Mrs.. Little is displaying systemic inflammation as her body is trying to restore homeostasis by disposing of toxins and foreign material to prevent their spread to other tissues. When this occurs there is movement of phagocytes from the blood into the interstitial fluid and the normal homeostasis mechanism AT railing Interstitial Toll Ana restoring It to near circulating volume cannot be achieved. Her blood pressure naturally falls as her circulating volume is depleted. This results in tissue hypertension and further inflammation. Gastrointestinal system: Nutrients are needed to achieve homeostasis by building new body tissues, repairing damaged tissues and to gain chemical energy needed for our body to function. In order to attain these nutrients the gastrointestinal system breaks down consumed food into molecules through digestion. In order for digestion to take place the digestive system has six basic processes including ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption and defecation (Traitor Grosbeaks, 2003). These six major functions take place throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the human body. Through the gastrointestinal tract foods are broken down and then the majority of nutrients from these foods are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa. These nutrients are then passed into the blood or lymph and circulate to cells throughout the body (Married). Since the gastrointestinal system contributes to homeostasis by absorbing water, minerals, and vitamins needed for growth and function of body tissues and eliminates wastes from body tissues in feces there are many blood vessels that allow nutrients to be delivered and wastes to be expelled (Torah Grosbeaks, 2003). In order to carry out all of these functions, the human digestive system must have an extensive blood supply. Thus, in septic shock, and the subsequent drop in blood pressure that ensues, the digestive organs suffer considerable hypertension (cancer nursing and Medicine plus). Because the gastrointestinal system is highly vascular it is more sensitive to the decrease in blood pressure and blood flow and in result there is a decrease in gastrointestinal mobility, and more ominously there can be actual tissue necrosis as portions of the bowel become chemic and die (cancer nursing). Mrs.. Littlest X-ray indicates that she has free air under her diaphragm which almost certainly is a result of this process as her bowels are likely leaking air as they deteriorate from the lack of blood supply. As well as providing nutrients and expelling wastes to maintain homeostasis the gastrointestinal system actually contributes to homeostasis in the respiratory system. The pressure of the abdominal organs within the abdominal cavity actually exerts a pressure against the diaphragm, which helps expel air quickly during a forced exhalation. Any serious injury to the abdominal organs, such as an chemic one, causes less motility in the bowels and even the leakage of air which can both directly affect their ability to support the diaphragm in respiration (Traitor Grosbeaks, 2003). In our example, Mrs.. Little is experiencing abdominal pain which is likely on the basis of hypertension of her gut with subsequent schemas. There may even be direct infection of her bowels and other abdominal organs, causing inflammation and pain. Cardiovascular system: The cardiovascular system consists of three main components responsible for many homeostasis mechanisms in the body. These three components include blood, the heart, and blood vessels. Blood is responsible for transporting substances, regulating processes throughout the body and protecting against disease. The heart then pumps the blood to the body through blood vessels where the blood then exchanges materials needed for the human body regular function (Traitor). Is composed AT two mall types AT cells, wanly assaults ten allover AT materials useful to the body. These two cells include white blood cells and red blood cells. White blood cells (leukocytes) are the main cells of the body that destroy pathogens and any foreign substances entering the body. Among white blood cells, interruption exposed most quickly to bacterial infection. Interruption normally make up 55%-70% of white blood cells while in a complete blood count the normal amount of white blood cells in the blood is 4. 8-10. Xx per liter (traitor). In situations of extreme stress however, such as in a severe bacterial infection, the body releases very immature white blood cells called band cells (named because of their band or horse- shoe shaped nucleus). These band cells will increase the overall number of white blood cells and help to fight the infection. Red Blood cells (erythrocytes), unlike white blood cells, are shaped like biconcave CICS and are highly specialized for oxygen transport. Hemoglobin, which is a major component of red blood cells and serves to assist in the carrying of oxygen, gives erythrocytes their characteristic red color. Hemoglobin is crucial for homeostasis because in order for the body to maintain its regular state hemoglobin must deliver enough oxygen to other parts of the body for proper function. Hemoglobin arises from red bone marrow Just as platelets do. Platelets are also essential to the body because they protect the body by clotting blood after injury so that bleeding stops quickly in a controlled manner (Traitor). Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are all very important to the body but in order for them to reach their targets the heart must pump them through two closed circuits: the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary circulation moves degenerated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, while the systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through the aorta to all organs of the body and then delivers the degenerated blood back to the right atrium of the heart (traitor). In order to pump blood through these circuits there must be a difference of pressure so that blood can flow from regions of high pressure to regions of lower pressure. This force of pressure which is exerted by blood against the walls of the heart is known as blood pressure. Blood pressure is influenced by the elasticity in the vessel walls. The more dilated the vessels are the lower the blood pressure will be (Traitor). The normal blood pressure of a middle-aged adult is 120/might and if it is dramatically decreased or increased blood flow will be disrupted throughout the body (fundamentals). Along with blood pressure, heart rate assists in pumping the blood through the body. The regular heart rate is anywhere from 60 -beats/min. The amount of blood expelled by the heart with each contraction is known as the stroke volume and the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute is called the cardiac output. Stroke volume and cardiac output are both directly affected by ones heart rate. In the short term, lowering ones heart rate will lead too drop in blood pressure, while raising it causes blood pressure to increase. In this respect, heart rate is another important homeostasis mechanism (Traitor). In Mrs.. Littlest case, a major disruption of homeostasis within the cardiovascular system has taken place. Shock is a critical medical condition caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure. Septic shock occurs when antitoxins are released from certain bacteria Into ten D stream. I nose toxins Interact Walt our Immune system to cause vacillation and a subsequent drop in blood pressure (Webster). In Mrs.. Littlest case her blood pressure has dropped significantly to 80/might as a result of sepsis. As well, in an effort to maintain homeostasis, her pulse rate has increased to a tachycardia of 120 in an attempt to raise her blood pressure (fundamentals). As hypertension and tissue hypertension continue, the effect on the body organ systems (like we saw with the digestive system) can be profound. We see in our example that Mrs.. Little is confused, has clammy and cold skin and is mildly hypothermia with a body temperature of 35 degrees Celsius. All of these findings can be explained by tissue hypertension secondary to hypertension caused by sepsis. She is confused because her brain is being hypertrophied and is not getting the oxygen it needs to maintain a normal level of consciousness. Her skin as well is hypertrophied, looking mottled and feeling cool to the touch. Her fall in body imperative is likely secondary to skin hypertension, but also to a breakdown in the homeostasis mechanisms in the brain that regulate temperature (cancer nursing). Mrs.. Little is also experiencing some of the characteristic abnormalities seen in the blood as a result of septic shock. While sepsis normally causes an elevation, at least originally, in white blood cell count, often this leukocytes changes to a leukemia, or relative lack of white blood cells, as the disease progresses. Sometimes this interruption is a pre-existing condition, such as with some chemotherapy patients or people with immune deficiency conditions. In other cases the interruption develops as the sepsis worsens and the white cells are used up inn an effort to fight the infection. In any event, interruption is regarded as a serious problem in sepsis since it means that the immune systems ability to fight off the offending pathogen has been overwhelmed. Whereas a normal white blood count is 4. 8-10. Xx per liter Mrs.. Littlest white blood count in our example is 2. , a significant interruption with 70% interruption and 20% bands(Traitor). While the elevated band count does indicate an attempt to fight the infection, because there is a decrease in the white load cells there are still not enough interruption to destroy the pathogens. We also see in Mrs.. Littlest blood that her platelet and hemoglobin levels are falling. This is also a common finding in advanced sepsis and is caused by a varie ty of factors. To begin with, the hypertension and schemas at the tissue level causes a lot of leaking of fluids from the blood vessels and organs. Platelets are used up in an effort to plug the vascular leaks, and hemoglobin is lost as the blood leaks out. As well, the general hypertension directly affects the bone marrow, as do the bacterial toxins. Since platelets and hemoglobin are produced in the marrow, they cannot be replaced at a fast enough rate (Midlines). It is not hard to imagine the significant effect this lack of hemoglobin especially will have on homeostasis as the body systems, already struggling with hypertension secondary to low blood pressure, now have to survive without adequate hemoglobin supplies and thus inadequate oxygenation. Respiratory system: Blood contains many gases that are transported between the lungs and body cells in the cardiovascular system whereas the respiratory is responsible for the exchange of gases, oxygen (02) and carbon dioxide (CA). Gas exchange within our body is very important and occurs in three basic steps: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, Ana Internal respiration (littoral). Pulmonary ventilation occurs when we inhale and exhale air into the lungs. The air which we inhale is then involved in gas exchange in external respiration. In this process there is an exchange of gases between the spaces in the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries where blood gains 02 and loses CA. After the blood gains 02 through the pulmonary capillaries oxygen is delivered to the tissue cells through the systemic blood in internal respiration. The blood then loses its 02 and gains the CA that is not needed by the body. 02 is a necessity and is used in the body through metabolic reactions where TAP is produced for energy for the body and CA is released. CA may produce an acidic environment toxic to the cells and so it is eliminated right away when oxygen is delivered (Traitor). In order for the blood to deliver oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide it must circulate through the pulmonary circuits as we inhale and exhale. In exhalation as well as inhalation elevation and depression of the diaphragm allows the thoracic cavity to expand during inhalation hen 02 is inhaled into the lungs and contract in exhalation when CA is expelled (Traitor). Abdominal cavities in the GIG tract assist in respiration because it supports the diaphragm so in instances where there are problems in the GIG tract such as in septic shock it may affect breathing if the abdominal cavity can no longer support the diaphragm. Respiration is controlled by respiratory centers that are regulated by nerve impulses being carried to respiratory muscles. This is so rhythm can be modified when certain chemical stimuli measure how quickly and how deeply we breathe (Traitor). Sensory neurons that are responsive to these chemicals stimuli are competitors which monitor CA, H, and 02 levels to ensure they remain constant and respond if they dont (Traitor). If we are not getting enough oxygen to the body or carbon dioxide out of the body these receptors react by either increasing our breathing or decreasing our breathing to stabilize it. The respiratory system is very important in homeostasis to make sure the body is getting the proper amount of gases needed. However, since Mrs.. Little is suffering from septic shock her Apace levels and Papa levels within her arteries are greatly affected. Since septic shock causes hypertension an increased heart rate results. Due to Mrs.. Littlest increased heart rate it is causing an abnormal deficiency in the concentration of 02 in the arterial blood which is also known as hyperemia (Webster). Hyperemia is evident in Mrs.. Littlest 02 sat which are 89% opposed too regular 100% (fundamentals). In her case her Papa levels have become might from her regular McHugh and she is in desperate need for oxygen (traitor). In order for her body to receive the amount of oxygen necessary homeostasis mechanisms cause her to hyperventilate (increased reheating) causing an excessive intake of 02 while eliminating CA. Since CA is being eliminated from her body her Apace levels have also decreased from might to might. Mrs.. Littlest hyperventilation becomes necessary for survival and due to her hyperventilating her respiratory rate is increasing a large amount to breaths/ min from a regular adult respiration rate of 12-breaths/min (Traitor). Hypertension and heart rate have a big impact on Mrs.. Littlest oxygen rates however if there is a fluid build up that develops in the lungs it also inhibits the passage of oxygen from the air into the blood stream. Through Mrs.. Littlest breath sounds few crackles have been heard which shows that she has a liquid build up in her lungs also Known as pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema can result Trot septic smock due to the increased permeability of the pulmonary capillaries. In septic shock toxins and bacteria are trying to leave the blood through interstitial fluid. Since there are so many toxins and bacteria causing inflammation there is an increase of interstitial fluid which the lymphatic system can not handle. In result the liquid seeps through the pulmonary capillaries which become more permeable due to the toxins and seep onto the lungs (Merck Manual). This fluid in the lungs can become crucial resulting in adult respiratory distress syndrome which is a life-threatening condition. Renal System including acid-base: Acid-base balance within the body is one of the most crucial elements of the homeostasis mechanisms because it regulates pH levels of the body, which is necessary for survival. One main organ of the body that helps maintain pH is the kidneys which are a part of the urinary system. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two Reuters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra (Traitor Grosbeaks, 2003). The kidneys contribute greatly to the regulation of blood pH which is a (Traitor). The pH of the body indicates the acidity of a solution according to the number of hydrogen ions. The greater amount of hydrogen within a body the more acidic state it is in (below 7. 35) and as the hydrogen count lowers the more basic the solution becomes (above 7. 45) (figure pig. 873 Patton). However, through homeostasis mechanisms the level of pH within our body tries to stay at a stable state between acidic and basic between 7. 35 and 7. 45. These homeostasis mechanisms participating in the regulation of pH include buffer systems, exhalation of carbon oxide and kidney excretion of H+. The buffer systems bind excessive hydrogen ions and prevent acidity within the body (Traitor). If the pH in the body is low and acidic extra hydrogen ions are secreted from the blood into the urine and eliminated from the body. However if the blood pH is to high less amounts of hydrogen ions are excreted through the urine (Patton). As well as hydrogen ions regulating pH HECK also does this by acting as a weak base. With a regular pH of 7. 4 HECK concentration is about meek/liter however Mrs.. Little only has 14. Therefore her pH may be more acidic because her decrease in HECK will not allow any excess basic ions to help regulate the PH. As well as maintaining pH within the body the kidneys are also responsible for regulating blood volume and blood pressure, maintaining blood similarity, producing hormones, regulating blood glucose levels and excreting wastes and foreign substances. Regulating blood volume is very important in homeostasis because adjusting the blood volume in the body also causes a change in blood pressure. The kidneys are able to adjust blood volume by releasing particular amounts of rennin or by conserving or eliminating water in the urine. Therefore if the load volume is to low the kidneys will conserve water to help increase the blood volume as well as the blood pressure which occurs in septic shock (Traitor). Mrs.. Little who is experiencing septic shock is facing the side affects of decreased urinary output because of the result of low blood pressure that occurs in this disorder (medicine). Since blood pressure is so low in the human body during septic shock the kidneys within the renal system conserve liquid to increase the blood volume which in turn will increase blood pressure trying to achieve homeostasis. In result, the kidneys conserve as much liquid as possible causing Mrs.. Little to nave no water to excrete tongue ruler. Mrs.. Little Is also experiencing a slight decrease in her pH level at 7. 15. This is caused in relation to her decrease in urine output. Through homeostasis extra hydrogen ions which cause a decrease in pH are usually eliminated from the body through the urine. However, since Mrs.. Little has no urine output because she is trying to conserve her blood volume as well blood pressure hydrogen ions can not be excreted resulting in her lowered pH (Patton). PH regulation is very important and in result she will be given treatment in order to help he body try and reach a regular homeostasis state. It is very important that she receives treatment immediately because kidney failure may occur which will only decrease urinary output even further (Merck). Conclusion: In conclusion, when external environments affect the body Just as bacteria affects the human body in septic shock homeostasis mechanisms become crucial for ones survival. Through positive and negative feedback systems homeostasis mechanisms must regulate conditions throughout the immunological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal and acid-base system.

Tiempo demora papeles para hijos de ciudadanos EE.UU.

Tiempo demora papeles para hijos de ciudadanos EE.UU. El tiempo que se demora la tarjeta de residencia permanente conocida como green card para los hijos de los ciudadanos americanos depende de diversos factores como la edad y el estado civil, es decir, si estn solteros o casados y, en algunos casos, incluso de la nacionalidad del hijo pedido. En este artà ­culo se explican las tres grandes categorà ­as que determinan los tiempos de demora en las peticiones de padre o madre ciudadano a su hijo o hija: hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os, hijos casados de cualquier edad e hijos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os. Sin embargo, se comienza explicando que, en ocasiones, no es necesario pedir los papeles porque los hijos son ya ciudadanos estadounidenses aà ºn cuando no nacieron en EE.UU. Se finaliza explicando por quà © los mexicanos pueden tardar mucho ms que las personas de otras nacionalidades, el caso de peticiones a hijastros y referencia a peticiones de residentes a hijos. Cundo los hijos de ciudadanos son tambià ©n estadounidenses Antes de iniciar el proceso de solicitar los papeles para los hijos, los ciudadanos estadounidenses deben verificar que dichos hijos no son ya ciudadanos de pleno derecho. Y es que cuando un nià ±o o una nià ±a nacen en otro paà ­s pero tienen padre o madre estadounidense es posible que sean ciudadanos de EE.UU. por derecho de sangre. Cabe destacar que las leyes han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo y que en el pasado se pedà ­an otros requisitos. El documento fundamental para probar la ciudadanà ­a americana en este caso es el reporte consular de nacimiento en el extranjero. Adems, en el caso de adopciones internacionales por parte de un ciudadano, en mayorà ­a de los casos los nià ±os adquieren la ciudadanà ­a americana automticamente. En una minorà ­a de supuestos, los menores ingresar a Estados Unidos como residentes permanentes y se debe tramitar posteriormente solicitud de ciudadanà ­a. Demora de papeles para solteros menores de 21 aà ±os A la hora de pedir la residencia permanente para hijos por parte de ciudadano, la tramitacià ³n ms rpida es la que se hace para los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os. Se les considera familiares directos del ciudadano y por eso la demora solamente alcanza al tiempo de trmite de los papeles. Dicha demora va a depender de la carga de trabajo en el centro del USCIS al que le corresponda tramitar la solicitud. Asà ­, en el momento en que se escribe este artà ­culo, el centro de Vermont se est demorando entre 4 y 7 meses en tramitar la peticià ³n mientras que el de Potomac, que es el que ms retraso acumula, entre 9 meses y medio y un aà ±o. Cabe destacar que no se puede pedir centro de procesamiento sino que la peticià ³n se tramita en la que toca por ley. Adems, si el hijo est en Estados Unidos y puede ajustar el estatus, despuà ©s de aprobarse la peticià ³n de la solicitud hay que computar el tiempo para el ajuste. Si est fuera de EE.UU. y se sigue el procedimiento consular, hay que calcular unos seis meses desde que se obtiene la aprobacià ³n de la solicitud al momento de finalizar todos los trmites en el consulado. Por à ºltimo, en las peticiones de green card la edad es fundamental. Es importante conocer en quà © casos la edad se congela y se pueden obtener los papeles solicitados y en quà © casos se pierden los derechos. Demora de papeles para hijos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os En este tipo de peticiones la demora es larga y comprende dos fases. En primer lugar, se trata de esperar a que USCIS apruebe la peticià ³n. Aquà ­ hay grandes diferencias entre los centros de procesamiento. Asà ­, en el momento en que se escribe este artà ­culo el centro de Texas se est demorando entre 6 meses y medio y 8 meses y medio en aprobar o negar la aplicacià ³n. Sin embargo, el centro de Vermont se est demorando entre 67 y 87 meses en tramitar la solicitud de papeles por parte de ciudadano para hijos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os. Pero es que adems, despuà ©s de la aprobacià ³n por parte de USCIS hay que esperar bastante ms. Esta categorà ­a forma lo que se conoce como Preferencia 1 o F1 de las visas de familia. Se conceden 23.400 por aà ±o fiscal y como hay ms peticiones que visas de inmigrante disponibles en esta categorà ­a, eso quiere decir que hay que esperar a que llegue el turno y se procesen todas las peticiones ms antiguas. Para tener una idea de cunto es en la actualidad esta demora, lo mejor es consultar cada mes el boletà ­n de visas que publica el Departamento de Estado. En el momento de escribir este artà ­culo, en la categorà ­a F1 de hijos solteros de ciudadanos se estn tramitando las peticiones presentadas hace 6 aà ±os y medio para los casos de pedidos de Espaà ±a y de Latinoamà ©rica, excepto Mà ©xico. Para el caso de Mà ©xico, se estn tramitando las peticiones presentadas hace 20 aà ±os. Hijos casados de ciudadanos americanos de cualquier edad Esta categorà ­a se conoce como F3. Tambià ©n se otorgan anualmente un total de 23,400 visados de esta clase. La demora aproximada es de doce aà ±os para los espaà ±oles y latinoamericanos, con la excepcià ³n de los ciudadanos de Mà ©xico, para los que la demora es de 20 aà ±os. Como en el caso anterior se puede consultar las demoras aproximadas consultando el boletà ­n de visas.  ¿Por quà © los mexicanos esperan ms en categorà ­as F1 y F3? La razà ³n por la que la espera de los mexicanos es mayor a la del resto se debe a que no se permite que ningà ºn paà ­s se lleve por aà ±o ms del siete por ciento del total de las visas de inmigrante disponibles para esas categorà ­as. Y como la demanda en Mà ©xico es tan grande por eso se producen estas demoras tan largas. Demora de papeles para hijastros de ciudadanos Los estadounidenses pueden pedir los papeles para la tarjeta de residencia para los hijos de su esposo o de su mujer extranjeros. La condicià ³n fundamental es que el matrimonio haya tenido lugar antes de que los hijastros hubieran cumplido los 18 aà ±os de edad. Los requisitos varà ­an si los hijos son solteros y menores de 21 aà ±os o si son mayores de esa edad o estn casados. La situacià ³n diferente de los hijos deresidentes permanentes El caso de los hijos de los residentes permanentes es muy distinto. El tiempo que  se demora la peticià ³n de un residente para sus hijos  es ms larga y adems estn excluidos de las peticiones los hijos casados de cualquier edad. Consejospara migrantes Si se tienen dudas y no se sabe cul es el lugar adecuado para obtener la respuesta, consultar esta lista completa de telà ©fonos a los que marcar, segà ºn el tipo de inquietud que se tiene. Si los hijos estn en edad escolar es conveniente conocer cà ³mo funciona el sistema educativo de los Estados Unidos. Por à ºltimo, es aconsejable tomar este test sobre la residencia permanente porque es una forma fcil y divertida de aprender aspectos fundamentales sobre la green card. Cuando ms se sepa, mejor. Puntos clave demora peticiones papeles de ciudadano para hijo Hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os: aproximadamente 12-18 mesesHijos casados mexicanos: ms de 20 aà ±osHijos casados otros paà ­ses: 6 aà ±os y medio - 7 aà ±osHijos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os mexicanos: ms 20 aà ±osHijos solteros mayores 21 aà ±os otros paà ­ses: ms de 12 aà ±os Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Astronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Astronomy - Essay Example 4). Explain how type I and Type II. Supernovae occur. 1). The four main grouping of stars as depicted by the Hertzprung- Russel diagram are dwarf (white and red) stars, main sequence grouping stars, giant stars and supergiant stars (p. 142). The white dwarf stars are Sirius B, Wolf 486, Van Maanen's star, Procyon B, Wolf 1346 and 40 Eridani B. The size characteristic of these stars is ranging from 0.008 R to 0.03 R. The stars in the white dwarf category have temperatures ranging from 5,000 K to 25, 000 K. In between the white dwarf stars and the main sequence grouping we have Bernard's star. Bernard's star is a red dwarf. It has a radius of about 0.1 R and 150 L/L. Bernard's star is also the coolest star with temperatures of 2900 K. The white and red dwarf stars have Mv > 15. The main sequence stars are Aldebaran B, Alpha Centauri B, the Sun, Altair, Sirius, Procyon A, Vega, Rigel B, Pollux, Spica B, Spica A, Adara and Capella B. The luminosity class of these stars is V. The size of these stars vary from 1R to 10R. The stars in the main sequence grouping vary from 7,000 L/L to 85,000 L/L. The main sequence grouping stars have temperatures ranging from 3700 K for Aldebaran B to 30,000 K for Adara. The main sequence stars have between 5- 10 Mv. The next sequence of stars are the giants. Included in the giant classification of stars are Capella A, Aldebaran A, Arcturus, Mira and Canopus. The giant classification of stars have radii which vary from 10 R to 100 R. The luminosity class of the giant stars are III. The giant stars have a Mv between 0- 5. The next sequence is the supergiant sequence of stars. This includes Polaris, Deneb, Rigel A and Alnilam. The supergiants temperatures range from 10,000 K to 30,000K. The luminosity class is Ib. The largest stars are Betegeuse and Antares,.Betelgeuse has a size of 1000 R. Antares has a size of about 2000 R. The Mv for these stars is – 5 (p. 143). 2). A star is born from the thin gases of space. When a star is bo rn, there is normally a large cloud of gas and dust. The thin gases of space are known as the interstellar medium ( p. 162). When enough hydrogen is compressed through the gravity of these stars, hydrogen fusion is achieved. In the center core of these stars there is a helium core. A teaspoon of mass of helium from the center of a star would weigh more than a ton. When enough helium is compressed in the center of the star, there is an abrupt explosion of intense magnitude called a helium flash. For this particular moment in time, the center of the newly born star produces more energy per second than an entire grouping of stars. This helium flash causes the center of the star to increase in temperature, whereas a great number of electrons become excited by the reaction. This causes the hydrogen to fuse into helium. At that point, the star is born with a self sustaining hydrogen fusion reaction at its shell. Often there is a helium fusion reaction at the center of the star. The size o f the star is of the utmost importance, stars less than 0.40 solar masses never get enough energy to continue the helium fusion reaction process. Stars which are greater than 3 solar masses experience degeneration at their core before this phenomenon occurs (p. 187). In the star there are two types of fusion reactions, helium fusion at the center and hydrogen fusion at the shell. 3). A star begins to die when the helium fusion which occurs at its center begins to produce carbon, oxygen and neon. As the fusion

Timothy McVeigh Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Timothy McVeigh - Research Paper Example Unarguably, the case of Timothy McVeigh is one of the most infamous and heinous crimes ever committed in the United States. It is second only to the damage wrought by the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York in damage to property lives claimed. What made it particularly significant, however, is the fact that McVeigh is an American citizen, which made his terrorist act homegrown as opposed to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, which was perpetrated by foreign terrorists. This paper will explore the criminal theories behind his act as well as in the dynamics of the drama that unfolded in the course of his arrest and trial, which culminated in his execution. This is particularly because there was so little effort to comprehend his act and his motivations because there was a collective clamor for his death and nothing else just so he could no longer repeat his feat. The sentiment was understandable, as McVeigh – throughout the whole affair stood unmoved and unrepentant, coldly defending hi s action as rational and calling the victims â€Å"collateral damage† in his twisted notion of things. ... The tragic event, wrote Stein, effectively â€Å"shattered the mythic invulnerability of the American â€Å"Heartland†Ã¢â‚¬ . (p. 51) McVeigh was apprehended a little over an hour later on a different charge – that of transporting a firearm. â€Å"By August 1995, McVeigh and co-defendant Terry Nichols had been charged with conspiracy, use of weapon of mass destruction, destruction by explosives, and eight counts of first-degree murder.† (Greene and Heilburn 2010, p. 189) When McVeigh was apprehended, along with his cohort, Terry Nichols, America was again shocked to find that these clean-cut men, both served in the country’s armed forces, were responsible for planning and implementing an action that would kill hundreds of their countrymen. In the process, they methodically constructed and detonated bombs, with the plan as some sort of revenge and catalyst to his separatist movement. (Disilvestre 2003, p. 64) For this paraphrase, this is the information/d irect quote from the source (I will include the quotes if you want to use it): â€Å"Timothy McVeigh, just 29 years, was the ex-soldier convicted of constructing, planting and detonating the bomb that killed so many of his countrymen. Terry Nichols, 42, was convicted of helping McVeigh plan, purchase and steal materials in order to construct the bomb.† (Disilvestre, p. 64) Criminological Theories Again, it must be emphasized that contemporary interest on the motivational factors for McVeigh’s crime was close to nonexistent as many Americans wanted closure and the sense of security that came with finally putting the man who murdered hundreds of Americans to death. If the public and criminologists themselves bothered to look, there are existing criminological theories that could explain McVeigh’s behavior and

Secondhand Market And Its Future

Secondhand Market And Its Future Literature review is about the background information of my project. I will present the related online secondhand market items in the first part. The second part I will review of 3 existing secondhand systems to find inspiration of my project. At last I will talk about open source software and how they can help me in developing system. 2.2 Secondhand Items A secondhand or used good is one that is being purchased by or otherwise transferred to a second or later end user. In another word it can simply mean it is no longer in the same condition as it was when it was first transferred to the current end user. Secondhand items may be transfer between friends or family for free, or they can be sold at a lower price at garage sales. Many people prefer to buy new goods, since new goods can make them feel safer. A warranty is provided for new goods they can fix for free or simply change a new one, buy new goods also can avoid buying stolen goods. But buy secondhand goods has significant benefits such as prevent them becoming waste and saves costly production of equivalent new goods. It can conserving natural resources and protecting the environment, and may from part of a simple living plan. 2.3 E-commerce E-commerce (Electronic Commerce) is any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically over the internet rather than by physical exchange or conduct. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. The main business uses of the internet include: The ability to buy, sell and advertise goods and service to customers and consumers. To communicate with businesses and customers around the world To promote products and services by electronically publishing brochures, manuals, product updates etc To give business the competitive edge by researching information on specific industries. E-commerce can be divided into 4 categories which are business-to-business (B2B), business-to-customer (B2C), customer-to-business (C2B) and customer-to-customer (C2C). B2B is conducted between businesses. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Such as manufactures selling to distributors and wholesalers selling to retailers. Pricing is based on quantity of order and is often negotiable. B2C is conducted from businesses to consumers. Business selling to the general public typically through catalogs utilizing shopping cart software. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com. C2B is conducted from customer to business. A consumer posts his project with a set budget online and within hours companies review the consumers requirements and bid on the project. The consumer reviews the bids and selects the company that will complete the project. Elance empowers consumers around the world by providing the meeting ground and platform for such transactions. C2C conduct from customer to customer. There are many sites offering free classifieds, auctions, and forums where individuals can buy and sell. Thanks to online payment system like PayPal where people can send and receive money online with ease. eBays auction service is a great example of where person-to-person transactions take place every day since 1995. My Secondhand market system is belongs to C2C category. 2.4 Secondhand market and its future Secondhand markets are used for sell or exchange secondhand items. Secondhand items can often be found for sale in thrift stores and pawnshops, auctions, garage sales, and in more recent times online auctions. Some stores sell both new and used goods, while others only sell new goods but may take used items in exchange for credit toward the purchase of newer goods. These stores are all can be seen as secondhand market. The secondhand market is exciting developing now. Since global financial crisis hit, people turn to shopping in an economy way. So the secondhand trading market benefit from this struggling economy. (Lynn Ducey, 2008) Secondhand markets are busier than ever, it appears a bucking retail trends. (Elizabeth Millard, 2008). Report by CNN 2th January 2009, one of Buffalo (a Manhattan consignment shop) privately held company says it has $50 million in annual revenue and is concluding its third consecutive year of sales growth and also of the resale markets overall performance. Secondhand stores are profiting from the recession. (Maggie Overfelt, 2009) The second-hand trading market is booming as bargain-hunting consumers turn to buying quality second-hand items online, from the latest plasma screens to designer togs. Popular online trading sites like eBay and Trading Post both report a spike in trade of second-hand item. 2.5 Secondhand markets in campus The secondhand market has a huge potential in campus, there are many things can supply such as books, stationery, MP3, computer, etc. These items have the guaranteed quality and in a low price because the buyer and seller are both students easier to monitor. So people like to buy stuff from college students, giving them a high trust. In China annually last-year students spontaneously organize a secondhand market to exchange of second hand school materials. They place stalls along the college street, as long as 100 meters, and becomes a kind of tradition. Even some residents nearby the campus join this team. There is a great deal of graduate students in college every year and they have a lot of things hard to take away but still useful. For the sake of avoiding the waste and recycling, the secondhand market is a good way to solve this problem which can bring some economic benefits at the same time. 2.6 Pros and Cons of online secondhand markets Pros There many advantage to use online secondhand market. Selling and buying secondhand items both become easily. The website allows you to browse through different categories and see the ads posted by other sellers to buy or sell items easily. Use internet we can access more secondhand item resources than traditional shopping method. We can use search function to search product as much as we want without travel here and there. Online secondhand market also can help you save money since you can compare price easily and bargain with seller. Cons Use online secondhand market to search product, user may facing a problem that the quality cannot guarantee. User cannot see, touch and easily ask questions about a real product. Use online shopping decrease the frequency of people get out of the house. This may cause health issue to people. There are some people get cabin fevers in the winter since this situation. Another disadvantage of buy secondhand product online is that secondhand items do not have warranty, if got problem user cannot change a new one or fix for free. 2.7 Review existing system 2.7.1 2nd hand (http://www.2ndhand.com.my/index.php) Introduction 22nd hand is an online second hand market in Malaysia, it allow customer to sell or find request goods online. Key features Register/log in If user wants to post advertisements on this website, he/she need to register on this website. User need to fill up the personal information such as name, gender, contact information (which will display with advertisement together for others to contact with owner) Home page Home page displays the latest sales/request advertisement in sequence. Post sell/request item After user log in they can post a sell/request advertisement at this website. They can post goods photo, edit, update, delete goods information. Search Search function has three classifies: by catalog, by location, by user. User can choose any one of them to process search function. Goods catalog page The website use a whole page to display the entire catalog, user can find all goods classifies here. 2.7.2 Gumtree (http://sydney.gumtree.com.au/) Introduction Gumtree Sydney is a free local classifieds site. Look for items for sale, services, cars, jobs, housing, and more. This site has a large community of individual sellers who put up items for sale. You often can find garage sales here. Its search engine allows you to filter by products and price range. If youre looking for a specific item, you can also sign up to alerts via your email address. Key Features: Post sell/request item Gumtree offer free post advertisement for customer, customer can post an advertisement to sale something or find something they want to buy. Customer first need to select an category that the item they want to post then need to choose they want to buy or sell product then edit product information here, such as price, product name, description and also can post an image of product. Customer need to edit their contact information convenient for others to contact. Promote advertisement Website also provides promote advertisement method which include: highlight advertisement, top advertisement and show advertisement on home page. These functions are charge items. My Gumtree Customer register in Gumtree, they can have an own page for manage their posted advertisement, they can post, promote, edit, delete and have an personal Watch List Discuss area A forum used for user post articles to share their experience of Gumtree and make judgments of service. Help function This web page use a search function to allow user to search questions that they want to ask, see if the question already answered by others. It likes a guideline to guide user use the Gumtree. Other service: Profile, FAQ, search 2.7.3 mySimplifieds (http://www.mysimplifieds.com/) Introduction mySimplifieds is Malaysias Most Comprehensive Classified Listings, All In One Hassle Free Classified Portal To Reach Out Your Largest Buyer Seller Groups Effectively. Key features: Advertisement List your items on mySimplifieds and all our affiliated portals at no extra cost. Post personal classifies: Select a category, edit items information such as: item name, description, price and key word used for search function. Customer even can add an video for posted item to promote it; Fill the form about contact information for others to contact with you; Use the map offered by Malaysia Classifies to show the location of the item; Malaysia Classifies have an special function that report delivered daily or weekly to you email to find out key stats such as unique visitors, total view enquiries so that you can monitor your classifieds performance. Search Search by classifies, and type the key word to search needed items. Tips Buy and sell page got tips to guide customer use the webpage, customer can quickly learned how to use it. FAQ mySimplifieds offer an FAQ to solve frequent question that customer may be ask, if user still get problem, they can send email to mySimplifieds until get satisfied answer Comparison between 3 website website Advantage Disadvantage 2ndhand Simple, easy to use Poor features, not so much functions can choose by people Gumtree Free for post advertisement; Have promote function; Discussion function; Help function User need to charge promote function Web pages are very long need to roll down. mySimplifieds Advertisement function make the post items on its all affiliated portals at no extra cost Products do not display in sequence cannot see latest advertise post by users. Web pages are full of tips, difficult to find process function. 2.8 Overview development tools 2.8.1 HTML HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, HTML is not a programming language, but is a markup language. A markup language is a set of markup tags. HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages. It provide a means to creat structured documents by denoting structureral semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists etc as well as for links, quotes, and other items. It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It can include or can load scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML processors like Web browsers; and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. 2.8.2 PHP PHP is a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for Web development and can be embedded into HTML. As a general purpose programming language, PHP code is processes by an interpreter application in command-line mode performing desired operating system operations and producing program out put on its standard output channel. It may also function as a graphical application. PHP is available as a processor for most modern web servers and as standalone interpreter on most operating system and computing platform. It is free for use, PHP group provide the complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use. PHP originally designed to create dynamic web page, now mainly focus on server-side scripting. It is similar to ASP and JSP which provide dynamic content from a web server to a client. PHP is a member of the popular LAMP architecture which in the web industry as a method of deploying web application. PHP is representing P in LAMP; other three alphabets represent Linux, Apache and MySQL. Significant website are written in PHP include Facebook, Wikipedia, Yahoo, MyYearbook, Digg and so on. According Wikipedia, April 2007, over 20 million Internet domains had web services hosted on servers with PHP installed and mod-php was recorded as the most popular Apache HTTP Server module. 2.8.3 MySQL MySQL is the most popular open source SQL database management system, is developed, distributed, and supported by Sun Microsystems, Inc. MySQL consistent fast performance, high reliability and ease of use. Its used on every continent, even Antarctica. Individual web developers or worlds largest and fastest-growing organizations both use MySQL to save time and money powering their high-volume Web site, business-critical system and packaged software including industry leaders such as Yahoo!, Alcatel-Lucent, Google, Nokia, YouTube, and Zappos.com. MySQL support most of the function youve come to expect in a commercial RDBMS. It ensures that transactions comply with the ACID Model, allows the building of indexes, supports standard data types, and allows for database replication, among other features. MySQL also provide flexibility put you in control since it can runs on more than 20 platforms including Linux, Windows, Mac OS, Solaris, HP-UX, IBM AIX. 2.8.4 Apache Apache is public-domain, open source Web server developed by a loosely-knit group of programmers. Apache is generally recognized as the worlds most popular Web server (HTTP server). The first vision of Apache, based on the NCSA http Web server, was developed in 1995. Originally designed for UNIX servers, the Apache Web server has been ported to Windows and other network operating system (NOS). The name Apache derives from the word patchy that the Apache developers used to describe early versions of their software. The Apache Web server provides a full range of Web server features, including CGI, SSL, and virtual domains. Apache also supports plug-in modules for extensibility. Apache is reliable, free, and relatively easy to configure. Apache is free software distributed by the Apache Software Foundation. The Apache Software Foundation promotes various free and open source advanced Web technologies. 2.8.5 Benefits of use open source There are many reason for us to choose open source, here just list several important reasons to review. First of all, the cost will be a very important reason. The open source software is free. You no need to charge anything for it. You just download and install then can do your stuff with the software. Second is open source offer a high level security. Open source software packages are almost always secure than proprietary options. If you read reports from the Dti and Pwc you will found that all known viruses are targeting proprietary software system. It is hard to find any real data on the number of Linux viruses that are in circulation. The last but not least reason I want to write is features, because most open source software is developed by people who use it, so it tends to have more advance features. If theres something you want to do you can either modify the product yourself or pay someone to do it for you. If you wish to, you are free to contribute your modifications back to the community so that the software continues to improve. Most open source licenses only require you to do this if you re-distribute your modified product to others. 2.9 Conclusion From the literature review it can be concluded that secondhand market is appears a bucking retail trends both in campus and society. The secondhand market has a bright future and more and more people turn to buy secondhand items online. The review of exist secondhand system shows that the secondhand system has these common functions: search, browse, post advertisement, category and manage function. I learned advantages and disadvantages from these systems. I can design my system better with this knowledge. I choose Open source software to develop my system since its economy and rich functionality. I can easily use and find help from internet if I get problem cannot solve. Open source software is a good system development tool for the person who wants to develop a system without much money and experience.

Preventive Care

Running head: FUNDING PREVENTIVE CARE IN AMERICA Funding Preventive Care in America Webster University December 7, 2011 Funding Preventive Care in America Preventive care is an element that is becoming important to not only those in the healthcare field but America as a whole. Preventive care helps to not only prevent but in some cases stop from increasing illness such as obesity, hypertension, and heart disease. Many healthcare officials feel that preventative care is important to the health care field while the government does not share their sentiments and thus funds are not distributed equally to areas which assist with preventative care. Many critics feel that if the government would work with funding preventive care programs, the cost of health insurance would decrease and many Americans would be more apt to take a healthier approach to living. Preventive health care is measures taken by an individual to prevent illness or diseases that may or may not arise in the future. The American government does not equally fund preventive health care measures as it does the war. With this being said, many health care officials believe that it is important for individuals to receive preventive care. The whole idea would be to help keep costs down yet there has not been sufficient enough studies that shows that preventive care actually keeps rising health care costs down. Preventive health care measures include services such as screening (ie cancer, cholesterol), vaccines, and other wellness benefits. Currently the government is making adjustments in order to allocate more money into the preventive health care sector and this is partially due to the Health Care Reform Act created by President Obama. However, as good as this sound, this act has been met with much criticism. The government is still quite hesitant to allocate funds for several reasons: the estimated costs of spending is different based upon the type of preventive care that is provided, lack of evidence to show the effects of a decrease in rising health care costs due to preventive measures, and the evidence shows that the actual cost to implement preventive measures is more costly. For example, a simple medical test such as one that is given for cholesterol can detect if a person has cholesterol. The idea behind early detection would be to provide patient education in hopes that the patient would not have to get on medication and this condition could be able to control this by eating healthy and exercising. With early detection, the physician is able to assist the patient in monitoring their behavior. This action is presented two-fold: the patient is empowered to take charge of his health and the cost that was involved in the test is minimal thus keeping costs down by ensuring the patient is monitored and does not have to get on medication. One of the downfalls with funding preventive care is that neither the government or the physician knows if the illness(es) that is being prevented will be costly or not. It has been noted that prevented care is beneficial when a certain group of people suffer from a particular problem, yet it is difficult to target such a group because medical care cannot be predicted and often times many of the patients are asymptomatic. Preventive health care measures can be costly especially when physicians tend to test for everything and this added cost exceeds the savings which is what they are trying to do. Therefore, this is a catch 22 situation. Preventive care is meant to save money while the government does not see it in that way. Therefore, they restrict the amount of money that is allocated for preventive care. Interestingly enough, the idea that preventive care is beneficial; however, when you look at costs in the long run, preventive care may not be that beneficial. An interesting point to notate is that regardless of how the government is not allocating funds equally into the preventive health sector, many physicians have implemented preventive care services and started educating their patients. Most of this is done through a regular office visit; therefore, it does not look like the patient is coming in for preventive measures. Wellness Services Physicians are not the only one that is not relying on government funds to help with preventive measures. Large corporations are equally involved in wellness (Aldana, 2005). Many corporations are offering incentives to their employees. For example, Blue Cross Blue Shield offers wellness benefits to their employees that maintain a healthy lifestyle to include not smoking, weight management, hypertension and high cholesterol management. This company has even gone as far as to offer financial incentives offset the costs for health insurance. The employees have access to a gym that resembles at a rate of approximately $10 per month. The employees have access to a personal trainer to help them with their weight management. BCBS have a health care team which visits the site and gives blood tests to determine their cholesterol level, hypertension, and smoking. This incentive allows employees to be seen for free and receive the proper treatment for free. To add more to this plan, the company gives the employee that meet the requirements for â€Å"a healthy lifestyle†, the gives the employee money titled â€Å"Wellness† each pay period. This is incentive enough to some people to continue to live a healthy lifestyle. Government interaction Great Britain’s Health Committee believes that the government should fund preventive care yet incorporate clear guidelines. The group feels as though the government should fund those with fluctuating needs. This seems to be an answer to those that are uninsured or underinsured. This committee; however, does agree with the US government that prevention even though is better than treating the symptoms is quite expensive (Great Britain, 2009). According to Masters 2005, even though prevention is costly, it is recommended because the government is wasting money on illness that could have been prevented through the use of prevention and these illnesses can result in lifestyle and environmental risk factor changes. It is believed that high quality can cost the government more money it is the level of quality care that is provided to the patient that prevents future costs and this is the whole intent of preventive care (Masters, 2005). Currently the government is offering incentives for health care physicians that use electronic health records. The first incentive was for $144,000; however, the government fails to incorporate some form of incentive for healthy living. It is unlike that many physicians will take the government up on the incentives before it is mandated in 2013 for all physicians to use some form of electronic health record. Many critics of this feel that incentives such as this should be going to help fund some form of preventive services. In an effort to answer the need for preventive measures in America’s health care system, the department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is investing $750 million into prevention and public health (hhs. gov). The funds are distributed into tobacco use, obesity, heart disease, stroke, cancer, immunizations, and patient education. The idea is to be able to target individuals that are faced with these conditions and educate them so that history will not repeat itself. In order to assure that the funds are allocated correctly, DHHS has decided to disburse accordingly: †¢ 298 million for community prevention †¢ 198 million for clinical prevention †¢ 137 million for public health (health departments) †¢ 133 million for research and tracking (quality assurance). The general idea is to work as a unit to ensure that once the funds are allocated to the stated department that the organizations are able to utilize the funds accordingly. Apart from the government not allocating enough funds to go into the preventive care sector, the individual is responsible for their appropriate level of care. Conclusion Regardless if the government is willing to pay for war or for health; it is up to the individual to make sure that they are living in a healthy manner. Many people feel that to live a healthy lifestyle is costly, this may be true; however, by taking small measures, they are able to prevent many of the diseases and illnesses that occur. For example, if obesity is a problem and this is a medical burden which accounts for over 10% of medial spending (Finkelstein, E. A. et al, 2009). People that have this condition are able to eat smaller amounts, start to exercise, and monitor the intake of junk foods. By making these small adjustments, the individual is able to help combat obesity and not rely on the government to fund preventive health measures. The same thing that a physician would say to someone that is obese is the same thing that the individual can find online. References Aldana, S. G. â€Å"Financial Impact of a Comprehensive Multisite Workplace Health Promotion Program,† Preventive Medicine, vol. 40 (2005), pp. 31–137. Finkelstein, E. A. et al (2009). â€Å"Annual Medical Spending Attributable to Obesity: Payer- and Service-Specific Estimates,† Health Affairs, Web Exclusive (2009), pp. w822–w831. Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Health Committee. (2009). Social Care. United Kingdom: The Stationary Office HHS Press office. (2011, February 9). Retrieved from http://www. hhs. gov/news/press/2011pres/02/20110209b. html Masters, K. (2005). Role development in professional nursing practice. Burlington: MA, Jones Bartlett Learning.

The Old Man And The Sea - 1009 Words

The Old Man and the Sea is a Pulitzer prize-winning novella written by Nobel award-winning author and journalist Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway endured many tragedies, from the wounds of his time in war and even during two successive plane crashes in which Hemingway was permanently injured. Throughout it all, however, Ernest Hemingway still stood with great honor and took pride in his humility. These are the characteristics that really led Hemingway to greatness and success. His book is the story of an epic battle between an aged, seasoned fisherman and the biggest catch of his life- a 1,000 pound marlin, set on the coasts of Cuba. He based this book off of a true story, however, the Old Man and the Sea also reflects upon the life of Ernest Hemingway, who was also an experienced fisherman. Throughout the entire plot, Ernest Hemingway repeatedly enforces the theme that greatness will only follow humility, pride, and fierce determination, not just physical strength. This theme can be prov en through an analysis of three characters in the book- Santiago, the marlin, and the Manolin. One of the most prominent examples of the thesis is Santiago himself. While is is true that Santiago’s eighty-four days of misfortune is a mockery of his pride in being a seasoned fisherman, and that his attempt at justifying his skills by sailing far out into the sea only contributed to the oncoming calamity, not once does Hemingway criticize the old man for being prideful. In fact, since it is prideShow MoreRelatedThe Old Man And The Sea1561 Words   |  7 Pages The Old Man and The Sea is more than a book about a fish and an old man, it teaches us strength and never giving up on ourselves. The Old Man and The Sea is written by Ernest Hemingway about Santiago, The Old Man. Hemingway is a writer known for his iceberg themes in his novels, where ten percent of its message is what you read and the ninety percent is hidden. That ninety percent is up to in terpretation. My interpretation is Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea he expressesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe sea in a way is like a living being. The way it rhythmically carries itself, showing all of its majestic beauty. The sea has such power, each wave coordinately smashing against whatever stands in its way. Sea erosion, most commonly known as coastal erosion, is the slow process of wave action constantly shaping and reshaping the coastlines of our world. In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway portrays nature as a continuum-an endless progression of the invention and destruction which is ultimatelyRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea is a short, but rich novel about an old fisherman who, after eighty-four unsuccessful days in a row, hooks the largest fish of his life. Written by Ernest Hemingway in 1951, and published in 1952, the novel was the last of Hemingway’s novels to be published during his lifetime. The book was praised by critics, and became an immediate success. The story was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and was a factor in Hemingway winning a Nobel Prize. The story was publishedRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesearly to mid 20th century. Known mainly for his success in writing the critically acclaimed novel, The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway had many symbolic meanings instituted throughout this novel and many other works. Many having the theme of a hero confronting a natural force, as seen when Santiago confronts the mighty sea. Along with the heroic themes, Hemingway had become a religious Catholic man growing up and decided to include many religious references and biblical allusions. Since the beginningRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1128 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Analysis 3 The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway. It was published by the Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1952, and contains 127 pages. The genre is literary fiction. The story is about an old man named Santiago who fishes alone in the Gulf Stream and has been very unsuccessful for the past 84 days. A simple tale, this takes timeless themes of courage of one man’s struggle and personal triumph. The author’s purpose was to write both a realistic andRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1412 Words   |  6 Pagesboth having completely different writing styles and ideas, seem to have an underlying similarity in how they view leadership and heroism. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemmingway and Sea of Poppies by Amitav Ghosh both show internal battles and undeniable fate within characters throughout each novel. In The Old Man and the Sea Hemmingway uses Santiago, the old Cuban fisherman, to represent internal transformation, renewed life, triumph, and defeat. Ghosh also represents similar struggles throughRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1586 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the plot of the novel, The Old Man and the Sea and the motion picture, Life of Pi. In the novel, the old fisherman, Santiago spends a few days out at sea attempting to capture the fish of his dreams. He battles through pain, thirst and hunger in order to bring the Marlin to the shore. However, whi le losing his prey, he gains a priceless experience combined with pride, respect and compassion. On the other hand, the main character in the movie survives at sea for 227 days with a wild animal,Read MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1121 Words   |  5 Pagesimpact on the author of The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway. Gertrude, an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector, served as a mentor for Ernest. The novelist also served as a godmother to Ernest along with her companion, Alice B. Toklas. Ernest Hemingway used his experience with Gertrude in his 1952 book, The Old Man and The Sea. Santiago and Manolin share a relationship similar to Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. Throughout The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway providesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1395 Words   |  6 PagesBoth The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"To Build a Fire† by Jack London both explore the literary conflict of man verses nature. Both main characters sha re many similarities; however, they also have various differences that set them apart as well. In The Old Man and the Sea the story is about Santiago, an old fisherman who sets out one day and catches the fish of a lifetime. Santiago then spends multiple days fighting the fish in the middle of the ocean. â€Å"To Build a Fire† is about aRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea993 Words   |  4 Pages one Earnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, is a captivating story about and old seasoned fisherman named Santiago. It is a tale of his epic struggle with the greatest catch of his life after not catching anything for eighty-four days. He face psychological challenges and encounters multiple villains. Santiago is fishing with a young boy named Manolin and the boy leaves the old man to go on another boat. Hemingway explains to us why they boy had to leave the boat. â€Å"But after forty